King Injo and the Manchurian Invasions
King Injo came to power through the 1623 Injo Coup, replacing Gwanghaegun and shifting Joseon diplomacy toward a strong pro-Ming stance. This policy change antagonized the Later Jin (Qing) Dynasty, leading to two major invasions: the Jeongmyo Horan in 1627 and the Byeongja Horan in 1636. In 1637, Injo surrendered at Samjeondo, establishing tributary relations with the Qing and sending royal princes as hostages. His reign was marked by severe economic hardship, internal rebellions, and the challenge of expanding tax reforms like the Daedong Law.
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