Promulgating Asia's first modern constitution in 1876, Abdul Hamid II soon suspended parliamentary rule following the Russo-Turkish War, establishing over three decades of autocratic governance. He built extensive railway networks, telegraph lines, and educational institutions while maintaining strict information control through an elaborate intelligence network. Facing intense European pressure and rising domestic nationalism, he was eventually forced to restore the constitution by the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 and was deposed the following year.

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