Abdulaziz became the first Ottoman sultan to make official state visits to Western European capitals, aiming to strengthen diplomatic ties with European powers. Continuing the Tanzimat tradition, he modernized the legal and educational systems while building one of the world's largest steam-powered navies to enhance national defense. However, excessive military expenditures and fiscal mismanagement culminated in a sovereign debt default in 1875, leading to his eventual deposition in a palace coup amid Balkan unrest.

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