Ottoman Empire in World War

Ottoman Empire in World War

Ottoman Empire

During World War I, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, launching critical campaigns across Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, and Palestine. Led by the Three Pashas, the empire faced severe military strain, internal revolts, and territorial loss, ultimately leading to its collapse and modern regional borders.

People

Birth Death Origin Age (Death)
1844
1861
1872
1874
1876
1881
1882
1884

Timeline

Category
Element
Year Ottoman Empire
1844
Birth of Mehmed Han bin Abdülmecid (Period: November 2, 1844, Location: Istanbul, Turkey (then Constantinople, Çırağan Palace))
1861
Birth of Mehmed Vahdeddin Han bin Abdülmecid (Period: January 14, 1861 (according to the English Wikipedia). The Turkish "TDV Encyclopedia of Islam" lists it as January 4, 1861, showing discrepancies among sources., Location: Present-day Istanbul, Republic of Turkey (then Constantinople during the Ottoman Empire). His birthplace is said to be Dolmabahçe Palace.)
1872
Birth of Ahmet Cemal (Period: May 6, 1872., Location: Mytilene on Lesbos Island, present-day Hellenic Republic (called Midilli during the Ottoman Empire).)
1874
Birth of Mehmed Talat (Period: September 1, 1874., Location: Edirne, Republic of Turkey (then Ottoman territory). Some sources list his birthplace as present-day Kardzhali, Bulgaria, but the Edirne theory is confirmed in multiple research materials and official encyclopedias.)
1876
Birth of Mustafa Fevzi (Period: January 12, 1876., Location: Istanbul, Republic of Turkey. Born in Cihangir, located in the present-day Beyoğlu district.)
1877
Russo-Turkish War
1881
Birth of Mustafa Kemal (Period: Said to be May 19, 1881. However, no accurate birth record has been confirmed, and May 19 was later adopted by him as a symbolic birthday., Location: Thessaloniki, Hellenic Republic (then Selanik in Ottoman territory).)
1882
Birth of İsmail Enver (Period: Some sources state November 23, 1881. On the other hand, his autobiography records December 6, 1882, showing discrepancies among sources. Some sources also list November 22, 1881., Location: Istanbul, Republic of Turkey. Born in the Divanyolu district of the Old City.)
1884
Birth of Mustafa İsmet (Period: September 24, 1884., Location: İzmir, Republic of Turkey (then called Smyrna in Ottoman territory).)
1885
Marriage (Mehmed Vahideddin Han bin Abdülmecid, Emine Nazikeda Kadın)
1886
Transition to the Military School
1890
Admission to the Ottoman Military Academy (İsmail Enver)
Admission to the Kuleli Military High School (Ahmet Djemal)
1891
Beginning of Employment at the Post and Telegraph Office
Beginning of Employment at the Edirne Post and Telegraph Office
1892
Admission to the Sivas Military Preparatory School (Mustafa İsmet)
1893
Participation in and Arrest by the Young Turk Movement
Admission to the Ottoman Military Academy (Mustafa Fevzi)
1897
Transition to the Military School in Istanbul
Marriage (Ahmet Djemal, Daughter of Bekir Pasha)
1898
Conflict with Armed Bands in Macedonia
Staff Duty in Salonica
Graduation from the Military Academy (Mustafa Fevzi)
1899
Appointment as Chief of Staff of the 18th Regular Division (Mustafa Fevzi)
Marriage (Ahmet Djemal, Seniha Hanım)
1902
Graduation from the Ottoman Military Academy (İsmail Enver)
Promotion to Major (Mustafa Fevzi)
1903
Fighting against Armed Bands in Macedonia
Posting to Manastir
1905
Marriage (Mehmed Vahideddin Han bin Abdülmecid, İncılağ Hanım)
1906
Participation in the Young Turk Movement
Establishment of the Committee of Ottoman Freedom
Participation in the Committee of Ottoman Freedom
Founding of the Committee of Ottoman Freedom
Graduation from the Military Academy (Mustafa İsmet)
1907
Participation in the Committee of Union and Progress
Marriage (Mustafa Fevzi, Fatma Fitnat Hanım)
1908
Assumption of Office as Ottoman Parliament Member for Edirne (Mehmed Talat)
Involvement in the Committee of Union and Progress after the Young Turk Revolution
Young Turk Revolution
Armed Uprising Accompanying the Young Turk Revolution
Participation in the Young Turk Revolution
Election as Member of Parliament after the Young Turk Revolution (Mehmed Talat)
1909
Visit to Bursa
Assumption of Office as Minister of the Interior (Mehmed Talat)
Appointment as Military Attaché in Berlin
Appointment as Military Attaché in Berlin (İsmail Enver)
Governance and Reconstruction following the Adana Massacre
Appointment as District Governor of Üsküdar
Participation in the Action Army
31 March Incident
Accession of Mehmed V
Girding of the Sword of Osman
Oath of Accession in the Ottoman Parliament
Appointment as Governor of Adana
Appointment as Minister of the Interior (Mehmed Talat)
1910
Visit to Edirne
Albanian Revolts
Yemen Rebellion
Appointment as Staff Officer of the Yemen Expeditionary Force (Mustafa İsmet)
Marriage (Mehmed Talat, Hayriye Hanım)
Marriage (Mehmed Talat, Hayriye Hanım (Hayriye Hanım, Hayriye Talat Bafralı))
1911
Italo-Turkish War
Marriage (Mehmed Vahideddin Han bin Abdülmecid, Müveddet Kadın)
Albanian Malissori Revolt
Peace Negotiations with Imam Yahya in Yemen
Engagement to Naciye Sultan
Tour of Rumelia
Appointment as Governor of Baghdad
Italo-Turkish War
Organization of the Resistance Movement in Tripolitania
1912
Assumption of Office as Secretary General of the Committee of Union and Progress (Mehmed Talat)
Appointment as Chief of Staff of the Yemen Army Corps (Mustafa İsmet)
Appointment as Commander of the Benghazi Sector
Appointment as Head of Operations Department of the Vardar Army (Mustafa Fevzi)
First Balkan War
1913
Appointment as Military Governor of Istanbul after the Bab-i Ali Raid (Ahmet Djemal)
Bab-i Ali Raid
Bab-i Ali Raid (Coup d'état)
Execution of the Bab-i Ali Raid
Second Balkan War
Assassination of Mahmud Şevket Pasha
Reappointment as Minister of the Interior
Recapture of Edirne
Involvement in the Recapture of Edirne during the Second Balkan War
Appointment as Commander of the Ankara Reserve Division (Mustafa Fevzi)
Participation in the Peace Conference after the Balkan Wars
Appointment as Commander of the 5th Corps (Mustafa Fevzi)
1914
Persecution and Deportation of Pontic Greeks
Entry into World War I and Administration of the Wartime Government
Service in the High Command during World War I
Appointment as Minister of War (İsmail Enver)
Assumption of Office as Minister of War (İsmail Enver)
Appointment as Minister of the Navy (Ahmet Djemal)
Marriage to Naciye Sultan
Marriage (İsmail Enver, Naciye Sultan)
Marriage (İsmail Enver, Naciye Sultan (Nâciye Sultan, Princess related to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed V))
Conclusion of the Ottoman-German Alliance
Passage of the German Warships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau through the Straits
Passage of the Goeben and Breslau through the Straits
Involvement in the Decision to Enter World War I
Attack on Russian Black Sea Ports and Entry into World War I
Attack on the Russian Black Sea Coast and Entry into World War I
Caucasus Campaign
Appointment as Commander of the Fourth Army
Entry into World War I and Declaration of Jihad
Command of the Sarikamish Operation (İsmail Enver)
Sarikamish Operation
1915
Armenian Genocide
Disarmament of Armenian Soldiers and Reassignment to Labor Battalions
Involvement in the Armenian Deportation Policy
Assyrian Genocide (Seyfo)
Sinai and Palestine Campaign
Deportation, Forced Conversion, and Assimilation Policies against Armenians
Suppression of Arab Nationalists
Appointment as Chief of Staff of the Second Army (Mustafa İsmet)
First Suez Offensive
Promotion to Major General (Mustafa Fevzi)
Order for the Mass Arrest of Armenian Intellectuals and Leaders
Mass Arrest of Armenian Leaders
Gallipoli Campaign
Implementation of the Armenian Deportation Policy
Promulgation of the Temporary Law of Deportation (Tehcir Law)
Execution of Arab Nationalists in Beirut
Appointment as Acting Commander of the Anafartalar Group (Mustafa Fevzi)
1916
Basmachi Movement
Deportation of Pontic Greeks
Accession to the Crown Princedom (Mehmed Vahideddin Han bin Abdülmecid)
Marriage (Mustafa İsmet, Emine Mevhibe Hanım (Emine Mevhibe Hanım, later Mevhibe İnönü))
Execution of Arab Nationalists in Damascus and Beirut
Arab Revolt
Second Suez Offensive
Appointment as Commander of the 2nd Caucasus Corps (Mustafa Fevzi)
1917
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Negotiations
Appointment as Commander of the Fourth Corps (Mustafa İsmet)
Appointment as Grand Vizier (Mehmed Talat)
Assumption of Office as Grand Vizier (Mehmed Talat)
Deportation of the Jewish Residents of Jaffa
Appointment as Commander of the 20th and 3rd Corps (Mustafa İsmet)
Appointment as Commander of the Second Army (Mustafa Fevzi)
Appointment as Commander of the Seventh Army (Mustafa Fevzi)
Visit of German Emperor Wilhelm II to Istanbul
Resignation as Commander of the Fourth Army (Ahmet Djemal)
1918
Marriage (Mehmed Vahideddin Han bin Abdülmecid, Nevvare Hanım)
Activities of the Karakol Society (Secret Resistance Organization)
Support for the Transfer of Weapons and Troops to Anatolia
Secret Activities Supporting the National Movement
Participation in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Negotiations
Visit of Austro-Hungarian Emperor Charles I
Death of Mehmed V and Accession of Successor
Accession as the 36th Ottoman Sultan
Promotion to Lieutenant General (Mustafa Fevzi)
Resignation as Grand Vizier (Mehmed Talat)
Resignation as Minister of War and Flight Abroad (İsmail Enver)
Appointment as Undersecretary of the Ministry of War (Mustafa İsmet)
Acceptance of the Armistice of Mudros
Armistice of Mudros
Exile to Germany (Mehmed Talat)
Flight Abroad after World War I
Occupation of Istanbul
Franco-Turkish War
Appointment as Ottoman Chief of General Staff (Mustafa Fevzi)
1919
Trial in Absentia by the Ottoman Military Court
Turkish War of Independence
Greco-Turkish War
Turkish-Greek War
Conflict over the Greek Landing at İzmir
Dismissal as Chief of General Staff (Mustafa Fevzi)
Landing at İzmir and Greek Occupation
Dispatch of Mustafa Kemal to Anatolia
Landing at Samsun and Beginning of the National Movement
Trial in Absentia and Death Sentence by the Ottoman Military Court
Amasya Circular
Death Sentence by the Ottoman Military Court
Death Sentence by Military Court
Erzurum Congress
Sivas Congress
Dispatch to Sivas
1920
Cooperation in the Modernization of the Afghan Army
Relocation to Anatolia and Participation in the National Movement
Appointment as Ottoman Minister of War (Mustafa Fevzi)
Escape from Istanbul to Ankara
1920 Nebi Musa Riots
Dissolution of the Istanbul Parliament
Establishment of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Opening of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Participation in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Arrival in Ankara
Appointment as Chief of General Staff (Mustafa İsmet)
Participation in the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Appointment as Minister of National Defense and Chairman of the Executive Council of Ministers (Mustafa Fevzi)
Negotiations with Soviet Leaders in Moscow
Signing of the Treaty of Sèvres
Opposition to the Treaty of Sèvres
Armenian-Turkish War
Appointment as Commander of the Western Front (Mustafa İsmet)
1921
Marriage (Mehmed Vahideddin Han bin Abdülmecid, Nevzat Hanım)
Russian Civil War and Central Asian Anti-Bolshevik Struggle
Joining the Basmachi Forces and Anti-Bolshevik Struggle
First Battle of İnönü
Victory in the First Battle of İnönü
Appointment as Chairman of the Government (Mustafa Fevzi)
Assassination of Talat Pasha (Operation Nemesis)
Assassination in Berlin
Assassination of Talat Pasha
Second Battle of İnönü
Victory in the Second Battle of İnönü
Plans to Return to Anatolia (İsmail Enver)
Appointment as Chief of General Staff (Mustafa Fevzi)
Battle of Sakarya
Relocation to Bukhara and Joining the Basmachi Forces
Participation in and Leadership of the Basmachi Movement
Unified Command of the Western Front Army (Mustafa İsmet)
1922
Unification and Leadership of the Basmachi Forces
Death of Ahmet Cemal
Assassination of Djemal Pasha (Operation Nemesis)
Assassination in Tbilisi
Death of İsmail Enver
Death in Action near Ab-i Darya
Death in Combat against the Red Army
Great Offensive and Recapture of İzmir
Great Offensive and the Battle of Dumlupınar
Promotion to Marshal (Mustafa Fevzi)
Armistice of Mudanya
Appointment as Minister of Foreign Affairs (Mustafa İsmet)
Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate
Abolition of the Sultanate
Lausanne Conference and Treaty of Lausanne
Departure from Istanbul on a British Warship
1923
Supervision of the Republican Army as Chief of General Staff
Conclusion of the Treaty of Lausanne
Establishment of the Republic of Turkey
Appointment as First Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey (Mustafa İsmet)
1924
Abolition of the Caliphate
1925
Sheikh Said Rebellion
Long-Term Rule as Prime Minister
1926
Death in Sanremo, Italy
1930
Menemen Incident
1934
Conferral of the Surname İnönü
1936
Arab Revolt in Palestine
1937
Dissolution of the Arab Higher Committee and El-Husseini's Exile in 1937
1938
Assumption of Office as Second President (Mustafa İsmet)
1939
Neutrality Policy during World War II
Neutral Neutrality Diplomacy during World War II
Avoidance of Entry into World War II
1941
1941 Anti-British Coup in Iraq
Farhud (Baghdad Anti-Jewish Riots)
1943
Transfer of Remains to Turkey and Reburial
Transfer of Remains to Istanbul and State Funeral
Death of Mehmed Talat
1944
Retirement and Resignation from the Post of Chief of General Staff
1945
Transition to a Multi-Party System and the 1950 General Election
1946
Candidacy and Election from the Democratic Party
Support for the Democratic Party and Election as Member of Parliament
1947
First Arab-Israeli War
Defection from the Democratic Party
1948
Establishment of the Nation Party
Assumption of Office as Honorary Leader of the Nation Party (Mustafa Fevzi)
1950
Opposition Activities as Leader of the Republican People's Party
Death of Mustafa Fevzi
Death of Fevzi Çakmak and Large-Scale Funeral
Death and Burial at Eyüp Cemetery
Defeat in the 1950 General Election and Transfer of Power
1953
Death of Mustafa Kemal
1960
May 27, 1960 Military Coup
1961
Appointment as Prime Minister of a Coalition Government (Mustafa İsmet)
1972
Resignation as Leader of the Republican People's Party (Mustafa İsmet)
1973
Death of Mustafa İsmet
Death and Burial at Anıtkabir
Unknown
Marriage (Mehmed Han bin Abdülmecid, Kamures Kadın, Period: Princehood of Mehmed V (specific dates unconfirmed), Location: Unknown (believed to be a court marriage, but specific location unconfirmed))
Marriage (Mehmed Han bin Abdülmecid, Dürriyaden Kadın, Period: Princehood of Mehmed V (specific dates unconfirmed), Location: Unknown (specific location unconfirmed))
Marriage (Mehmed Han bin Abdülmecid, Mihrengiz Kadın, Period: Princehood of Mehmed V (specific dates unconfirmed), Location: Unknown (specific location unconfirmed))
Marriage (Mehmed Han bin Abdülmecid, Nazperver Kadın, Period: Princehood of Mehmed V (specific dates unconfirmed), Location: Unknown (specific location unconfirmed))
Marriage (Mehmed Han bin Abdülmecid, Dilfirib Kadın, Period: Princehood of Mehmed V (specific dates unconfirmed), Location: Unknown (specific location unconfirmed))

Map

Category
Element
Asia World
world map world map

Related Links

Other Languages

Comments