Cemal Pasha: WWI Commander

Ahmet Cemal

A military officer and politician of the late Ottoman Empire. A key leader of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), he was known as one of the "Three Pashas" along with Enver Pasha and Talat Pasha. He gained political influence after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution and became the Military Governor of Istanbul after the 1913 Raid on the Sublime Porte. Serving as Minister of the Navy from 1914 to 1918, he oversaw the Syria and Palestine fronts as Commander of the Fourth Army during WWI. He led the Suez Canal Campaigns, which ended in failure, and enacted severe repressions and executions against Arab nationalists in Syria. He was also involved in the deportation of Armenians, promoting policies aimed at forced conversion and assimilation. After the war defeat, he fled abroad, involving himself in modernizing the Afghan army and mediating between the Soviet regime and the Turkish National Movement. He was assassinated in Tbilisi in 1922.

Timeline

Category
Element

Year	Ahmet Cemal
1872	Birth of Ahmet Cemal (Period: May 6, 1872., Location: Mytilene on Lesbos Island, present-day Hellenic Republic (called Midilli during the Ottoman Empire).)
1890	Admission to the Kuleli Military High School (Ahmet Djemal, Age: 17 years old, Period: 1890, Location: Istanbul, Ottoman Empire)
1897	Marriage (Ahmet Djemal, Daughter of Bekir Pasha, Age: 24 years old, Period: February 19, 1897, Location: Kırklareli, Ottoman Empire (modern Turkey))
1898	Conflict with Armed Bands in Macedonia (Age: 25 years old, Period: 1898–1908 approximately, Location: Ottoman Macedonia, Salonica (modern Thessaloniki, Greece), Manastir (modern Bitola, North Macedonia) surroundings) Staff Duty in Salonica (Age: 25 years old, Period: 1898–, Location: Salonica (modern Thessaloniki, Greece))
1899	Marriage (Ahmet Djemal, Seniha Hanım, Age: 27 years old, Period: Some sources state June 2, 1898; English Wikipedia states June 2, 1899, showing discrepancies between sources, Location: Serres (modern Greece). Lived in Salonica after marriage.)
1908	Participation in the Young Turk Revolution (Age: 36 years old, Period: July 1908, Location: Ottoman Macedonia, Salonica, etc.)
1909	Governance and Reconstruction following the Adana Massacre (Age: 36 years old, Period: April 1909 – 1910, Location: Adana, Ottoman Empire (modern southern Turkey)) Appointment as District Governor of Üsküdar (Age: 36 years old, Period: After April 1909, Location: Üsküdar, Istanbul) 31 March Incident (Age: 36 years old, Period: April 13 – April 24, 1909 (March 31 in the Ottoman calendar), Location: Istanbul) Appointment as Governor of Adana (Age: 37 years old, Period: August 1, 1909, Location: Adana, Ottoman Empire (modern Turkey))
1911	Appointment as Governor of Baghdad (Age: 39 years old, Period: June 14, 1911, Location: Baghdad, Ottoman Empire (modern Iraq))
1912	First Balkan War (Age: 40 years old, Period: October 1912 – May 1913, Location: Balkan Peninsula, Ottoman Macedonia, Thrace, Albania, etc.)
1913	Appointment as Military Governor of Istanbul after the Bab-i Ali Raid (Ahmet Djemal, Age: 40 years old, Period: January 1913–, Location: Istanbul) Bab-i Ali Raid (Coup d'état, Age: 40 years old, Period: January 23, 1913, Location: Istanbul, Ottoman Government Headquarters (Sublime Porte)) Second Balkan War (Age: 41 years old, Period: June – August 1913, Location: Balkan Peninsula, particularly Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Eastern Thrace)
1914	World War I (Age: 41 years old, Period: 1914–1918, Location: Ottoman Empire and surrounding regions (Gallipoli, Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Sinai, Palestine, Arabia, etc.)) Appointment as Minister of the Navy (Ahmet Djemal, Age: 41 years old, Period: February 1914, Location: Istanbul, Ottoman Government) Appointment as Commander of the Fourth Army (Age: 42 years old, Period: November – December 1914, Location: Syria, Palestine, Egyptian border region)
1915	Sinai and Palestine Campaign (Age: 42 years old, Period: 1915–1918, Location: Sinai Peninsula, Palestine, Gaza, Beersheba, surroundings of Jerusalem) Deportation, Forced Conversion, and Assimilation Policies against Armenians (Age: 42 years old, Period: World War I period, centered around 1915–1917, Location: Ottoman Syria, Anatolia, Aleppo, surroundings of Damascus, etc.) Suppression of Arab Nationalists (Age: 42 years old, Period: 1915–1916, Location: Damascus, Beirut, Syria-Palestine region) First Suez Offensive (Age: 42 years old, Period: January – February 1915, Location: Sinai Peninsula, Beersheba, surroundings of the Suez Canal) Execution of Arab Nationalists in Beirut (Age: 43 years old, Period: August 21, 1915, Location: Beirut, Ottoman Syria (modern Lebanon))
1916	Execution of Arab Nationalists in Damascus and Beirut (Age: 44 years old, Period: May 6, 1916, Location: Damascus, Beirut) Second Suez Offensive (Age: 44 years old, Period: July 1916, Location: Sinai Peninsula, surroundings of the Suez Canal)
1917	Deportation of the Jewish Residents of Jaffa (Age: 44 years old, Period: March 1917, Location: Jaffa, surroundings of Tel Aviv (modern Israel)) Resignation as Commander of the Fourth Army (Ahmet Djemal, Age: 45 years old, Period: December 1917, Location: From Syria to Istanbul)
1918	Flight Abroad after World War I (Age: 46 years old, Period: November 1–2, 1918, Location: From Istanbul via the Black Sea, Odessa, Berlin, etc.)
1919	Trial in Absentia by the Ottoman Military Court (Age: 46 years old, Period: 1919–1920, Location: Istanbul) Turkish War of Independence (Age: 46 years old, Period: May 1919 – October 1922, Location: Anatolian Peninsula, Eastern Thrace, İzmir, Ankara, surroundings of Istanbul, etc.) Death Sentence by Military Court (Age: 47 years old, Period: July 1919, Location: Istanbul)
1920	Cooperation in the Modernization of the Afghan Army (Age: 47 years old, Period: 1920–1922, Location: Kabul, Afghanistan)
1922	Death of Ahmet Cemal (Age: 50 years old, Period: July 21, 1922. Assassinated in Tbilisi, Georgia. His body was brought back to Turkey and buried in the Karskapı Cemetery in Erzurum.) Assassination of Djemal Pasha (Operation Nemesis, Age: 50 years old, Period: July 21, 1922, Location: Tbilisi, Georgia) Assassination in Tbilisi (Age: 50 years old, Period: July 21, 1922, Location: Tbilisi, Georgia)
1947	First Arab-Israeli War (Age: 24 years after death, Period: 1947–1949, Location: Former Mandatory Palestine, Israel, West Bank, Gaza Strip, etc.)

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Asia World

Group	List
Ottoman Empire	Mehmed Han bin Abdülmecid Mehmed Vahdeddin Han bin Abdülmecid İsmail Enver Mehmed Talat Ahmet Cemal Mustafa Kemal Mustafa İsmet Mustafa Fevzi
Palestinian national movement	Amin al-Husayni Musa al-Husayni Raghib al-Nashashibi Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni Chaim Weizmann David Ben-Gurion Zeev Jabotinsky Golda Meir Vladimir Jabotinsky Moshe Sharett

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Cemal Pasha: WWI Commander

Ahmet Cemal

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