Fevzi Çakmak: Chief of Staff

Mustafa Fevzi

A military officer and politician active from the late Ottoman era to the early Republic of Turkey. In WWI, he commanded corps and armies on fronts including Gallipoli, the Caucasus, and Palestine. Following WWI, while serving as Ottoman Chief of Staff and Minister of War, he secretly aided the movement of weapons and soldiers to the nationalist movement in Anatolia. During the Turkish War of Independence, he served as Minister of National Defense, Prime Minister (Head of Government), and Chief of Staff, playing a pivotal role in planning operations for the Battle of Sakarya and the Great Offensive. Promoted to Field Marshal in 1922, he served a long tenure as Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey from 1924 to 1944. Opposing entry into WWII, he supported avoiding participation while advancing the preparedness of the Turkish armed forces. After retirement, he supported the Democrat Party and co-founded the Nation Party in 1948.

Timeline

Category
Element

Year	Mustafa Fevzi
1876	Birth of Mustafa Fevzi (Period: January 12, 1876., Location: Istanbul, Republic of Turkey. Born in Cihangir, located in the present-day Beyoğlu district.)
1886	Transition to the Military School (Age: 9 years old, Period: 1886–1893, Location: Salonica (modern Thessaloniki, Greece), Istanbul)
1893	Admission to the Ottoman Military Academy (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 17 years old, Period: April 29, 1893, Location: Istanbul)
1898	Conflict with Armed Bands in Macedonia (Age: 21 years old, Period: 1898–1908 approximately, Location: Ottoman Macedonia, Salonica (modern Thessaloniki, Greece), Manastir (modern Bitola, North Macedonia) surroundings) Graduation from the Military Academy (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 22 years old, Period: December 25, 1898, Location: Istanbul)
1899	Appointment as Chief of Staff of the 18th Regular Division (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 22 years old, Period: 1899, Location: Kosovo vilayet of the Ottoman Empire (modern Mitrovica, Kosovo))
1902	Promotion to Major (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 26 years old, Period: April 1902, Location: Ottoman Macedonia)
1907	Marriage (Mustafa Fevzi, Fatma Fitnat Hanım, Age: 31 years old, Period: Records show he obtained leave for marriage in December 1906 and returned to his post with his wife in June 1907. The exact date of the wedding ceremony is unconfirmed., Location: Istanbul (specific wedding venue unconfirmed))
1908	Involvement in the Committee of Union and Progress after the Young Turk Revolution (Age: 31 years old, Period: After 1908, Location: Mitrovica)
1909	31 March Incident (Age: 33 years old, Period: April 13 – April 24, 1909 (March 31 in the Ottoman calendar), Location: Istanbul)
1911	Italo-Turkish War (Age: 35 years old, Period: September 1911 – October 1912, Location: Ottoman Tripolitania, Cyrenaica (modern Libya))
1912	Appointment as Head of Operations Department of the Vardar Army (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 36 years old, Period: September 29, 1912, Location: Balkan Peninsula, Vardar region) First Balkan War (Age: 36 years old, Period: October 1912 – May 1913, Location: Balkan Peninsula, Ottoman Macedonia, Thrace, Albania, etc.)
1913	Second Balkan War (Age: 37 years old, Period: June – August 1913, Location: Balkan Peninsula, particularly Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Eastern Thrace) Appointment as Commander of the Ankara Reserve Division (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 37 years old, Period: August 2, 1913, Location: Ankara) Appointment as Commander of the 5th Corps (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 37 years old, Period: December 22, 1913, Location: Ankara-based command district of the Ottoman Army)
1914	World War I (Age: 37 years old, Period: 1914–1918, Location: Ottoman Empire and surrounding regions (Gallipoli, Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Sinai, Palestine, Arabia, etc.)) Caucasus Campaign (Age: 38 years old, Period: November 1914 – end of 1918, Location: Eastern Ottoman Empire, Russian Caucasus (modern eastern Turkey, Armenia, Georgia surroundings))
1915	Sinai and Palestine Campaign (Age: 38 years old, Period: 1915–1918, Location: Sinai Peninsula, Palestine, Gaza, Beersheba, surroundings of Jerusalem) Promotion to Major General (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 39 years old, Period: March 2, 1915, Location: Ottoman Empire) Gallipoli Campaign (Age: 39 years old, Period: April 25, 1915 – January 9, 1916, Location: Ottoman Gallipoli Peninsula, Dardanelles Strait surroundings (modern Çanakkale province, Turkey)) Appointment as Acting Commander of the Anafartalar Group (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 39 years old, Period: December 10, 1915, Location: Gallipoli Peninsula, Anafartalar region)
1916	Appointment as Commander of the 2nd Caucasus Corps (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 40 years old, Period: September 7, 1916, Location: Eastern Ottoman Empire, Caucasus Campaign)
1917	Appointment as Commander of the Second Army (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 41 years old, Period: July 5, 1917, Location: Diyarbakır, Eastern Ottoman Empire) Appointment as Commander of the Seventh Army (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 41 years old, Period: October 9, 1917, Location: Aleppo, Palestine region)
1918	Activities of the Karakol Society (Secret Resistance Organization, Age: 41 years old, Period: Late 1918 – 1920, Location: Istanbul, various parts of Anatolia) Support for the Transfer of Weapons and Troops to Anatolia (Age: 41 years old, Period: Late 1918 – March 1920, Location: From Istanbul to various parts of Anatolia) Secret Activities Supporting the National Movement (Age: 41 years old, Period: Late 1918 – 1919, Location: Istanbul, Anatolia) Promotion to Lieutenant General (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 42 years old, Period: July 28, 1918, Location: Ottoman Empire) Armistice of Mudros (Age: 42 years old, Period: October 30, 1918, Location: Port of Mudros, Lemnos Island in the Aegean Sea) Occupation of Istanbul (Age: 42 years old, Period: November 13, 1918 – October 4, 1923 (formal military occupation began March 16, 1920), Location: Ottoman capital Istanbul) Appointment as Ottoman Chief of General Staff (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 42 years old, Period: December 24, 1918, Location: Istanbul)
1919	Turkish War of Independence (Age: 43 years old, Period: May 1919 – October 1922, Location: Anatolian Peninsula, Eastern Thrace, İzmir, Ankara, surroundings of Istanbul, etc.) Turkish-Greek War (Age: 43 years old, Period: May 1919 – September 1922, Location: Western Anatolia, İzmir, Afyonkarahisar, surroundings of the Sakarya River, etc.) Conflict over the Greek Landing at İzmir (Age: 43 years old, Period: May 12–14, 1919, Location: Istanbul, İzmir) Dismissal as Chief of General Staff (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 43 years old, Period: May 14, 1919, Location: Istanbul) Dispatch to Sivas (Age: 43 years old, Period: November 13–26, 1919, Location: Samsun, Sivas)
1920	Appointment as Ottoman Minister of War (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 44 years old, Period: February 3 – April 8, 1920, Location: Istanbul) Escape from Istanbul to Ankara (Age: 44 years old, Period: April – April 27, 1920, Location: En route from Istanbul to Ankara) Arrival in Ankara (Age: 44 years old, Period: April 27, 1920, Location: Ankara) Participation in the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Age: 44 years old, Period: May 3, 1920, Location: Ankara) Appointment as Minister of National Defense and Chairman of the Executive Council of Ministers (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 44 years old, Period: May 3, 1920, Location: Ankara)
1921	First Battle of İnönü (Age: 44 years old, Period: January 6–11, 1921, Location: Western Anatolia, İnönü near Eskişehir) Appointment as Chairman of the Government (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 45 years old, Period: January 24, 1921, Location: Ankara) Second Battle of İnönü (Age: 45 years old, Period: March 23 – April 1, 1921, Location: Western Anatolia, İnönü, Eskişehir surroundings) Appointment as Chief of General Staff (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 45 years old, Period: August 5, 1921, Location: Ankara) Battle of Sakarya (Age: 45 years old, Period: August 23 – September 13, 1921, Location: West of Ankara, eastern bank of the Sakarya River)
1922	Great Offensive and the Battle of Dumlupınar (Age: 46 years old, Period: August 26–30, 1922, Location: Afyonkarahisar, Dumlupınar, western Anatolia) Promotion to Marshal (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 46 years old, Period: August 31, 1922, Location: Ankara) Armistice of Mudanya (Age: 46 years old, Period: October 3–11, 1922, Location: Northwestern Turkey, Mudanya (modern Bursa province))
1923	Supervision of the Republican Army as Chief of General Staff (Age: 46 years old, Period: 1923 – January 12, 1944, Location: Ankara) Conclusion of the Treaty of Lausanne (Age: 47 years old, Period: July 24, 1923, Location: Lausanne, Switzerland)
1939	World War II (Age: 62 years old, Period: 1939–1945, Location: Europe, North Africa, Asia-Pacific, etc. (no combat occurred within Turkey)) Avoidance of Entry into World War II (Age: 62 years old, Period: 1939–1945, Location: Ankara, diplomatic relations with Turkey and European countries)
1941	Farhud (Baghdad Anti-Jewish Riots, Age: 65 years old, Period: June 1–2, 1941, Location: Baghdad, Kingdom of Iraq)
1944	Retirement and Resignation from the Post of Chief of General Staff (Age: 68 years old, Period: January 12, 1944, Location: Ankara)
1946	Candidacy and Election from the Democratic Party (Age: 70 years old, Period: July 21, 1946, Location: Istanbul) Support for the Democratic Party and Election as Member of Parliament (Age: 70 years old, Period: July 21, 1946, Location: Istanbul)
1947	Defection from the Democratic Party (Age: 71 years old, Period: July 12, 1947, Location: Ankara)
1948	Establishment of the Nation Party (Age: 72 years old, Period: July 20, 1948, Location: Ankara) Assumption of Office as Honorary Leader of the Nation Party (Mustafa Fevzi, Age: 72 years old, Period: July 20, 1948, Location: Ankara)
1950	Death of Mustafa Fevzi (Age: 74 years old, Period: April 10, 1950. Died in Teşvikiye, Istanbul, and was buried at the Eyüp Cemetery on April 12.) Death of Fevzi Çakmak and Large-Scale Funeral (Age: 74 years old, Period: April 10–12, 1950, Location: Istanbul, Teşvikiye, Beyazıt Mosque, Eyüp Cemetery) Death and Burial at Eyüp Cemetery (Age: 74 years old, Period: April 10–12, 1950, Location: Istanbul, Teşvikiye, Eyüp Cemetery)

Map

Category
Element

Asia World

Group	List
Ottoman Empire	Mehmed Han bin Abdülmecid Mehmed Vahdeddin Han bin Abdülmecid İsmail Enver Mehmed Talat Ahmet Cemal Mustafa Kemal Mustafa İsmet Mustafa Fevzi
Palestinian national movement	Amin al-Husayni Musa al-Husayni Raghib al-Nashashibi Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni Chaim Weizmann David Ben-Gurion Zeev Jabotinsky Golda Meir Vladimir Jabotinsky Moshe Sharett

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Fevzi Çakmak: Chief of Staff

Mustafa Fevzi

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